Blindsight - Rethinking Human Consciousness and Perception
Blindsight is a neurological phenomenon that challenges our understanding of human consciousness and perception. It occurs in individuals with damage to the primary visual cortex, the brain area responsible for conscious visual awareness. Remarkably, these individuals can still respond to visual stimuli despite claiming to be blind. This phenomenon reveals that sensory modalities are not solely tied to the subjective experience of seeing; rather, they encompass the brain's capacity to process visual information and use it to guide behavior, even without conscious awareness.
In blindsight, the brain can still receive and process visual signals, enabling individuals to navigate their environment, detect objects, and respond to visual cues without the conscious experience of seeing. This challenges the traditional notion that vision is solely defined by conscious visual experiences.
The dichotomy between subjective experience and functional ability in blindsight is striking. Despite individuals' assertions of blindness, their brains can process visual information, allowing for subconscious recognition and response to visual stimuli. Studies have demonstrated that patients with blindsight can accurately guess the location, movement, and even emotional expression of objects and faces they claim not to see consciously.
Blindsight underscores the complexity of sensory processing, suggesting that perception involves multiple layers of neural processing beyond mere awareness. The brain, in cases of blindsight, can extract valuable information from visual input and integrate it into motor responses and decision-making processes. This demonstrates that vision transcends the confines of conscious experience. Blindsight challenges our conventional understanding of vision by emphasizing the brain's role in interpreting sensory input and using it to shape behavior, highlighting the intricate interplay between sensory modalities and cognitive processes in the human brain.
Blindsight and Autism: Potential Links and Considerations
While blindsight and autism are distinct conditions with different underlying mechanisms, exploring potential connections can offer valuable insights into sensory processing and perception in both. Here are some key points to consider.
Subconscious Processing in Blindsight and Autism: Blindsight highlights the brain's ability to process sensory information outside of conscious awareness. Similarly, some theories suggest that autistics might process sensory information differently, potentially involving atypical subconscious processing. For instance, people with autism may exhibit heightened sensitivity or insensitivity to certain stimuli, which could be related to differences in how sensory information is integrated and perceived.
Research on Visual Processing in Autism: Studies on visual processing in autism have shown that autistics might have atypical responses to visual stimuli, including differences in eye movement patterns, gaze behavior, and the perception of social cues. While these differences do not equate to blindsight, they suggest variations in the way visual information is processed and used in guiding behavior, which could share some conceptual similarities with the functional dissociation seen in blindsight.
Conscious vs. Unconscious Perception: Blindsight involves a dissociation between conscious perception and the ability to respond to visual stimuli. In autism, there may also be instances where individuals are aware of sensory input but may not consciously interpret or respond to it in expected ways. This could be due to differences in attention, sensory integration, or other cognitive processes.
Neural Mechanisms and Pathways: Both conditions underscore the complexity of the neural pathways involved in sensory processing. In blindsight, alternative neural pathways (such as those involving the superior colliculus and extrastriate cortex) compensate for the loss of V1 function. In autism, differences in neural connectivity and brain function have been noted, which might influence how sensory information is processed and perceived.
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Stims and Multisensory Integration
In the context of multisensory integration, autism stims or self-stimulatory can be understood as a way to manage and regulate sensory input from their environment. Multisensory integration refers to the neurological process where the brain combines information from different sensory systems to form a comprehensive understanding of one's surroundings. For autistics, this integration process can be atypical, leading to unique sensory experiences and responses.
Understanding Stims in Relation to Multisensory Integration:
Implications for Support and Intervention:
Understanding Stims in Relation to Multisensory Integration:
- Compensating for Sensory Processing Differences: Autistics may experience hypersensitivity or hyposensitivity to sensory stimuli. Stims can be a method to either dampen overwhelming sensory input or to seek additional stimulation to compensate for under-responsiveness.
- Creating Predictable Sensory Experiences: Repetitive behaviors, such as rocking or hand-flapping, provide a predictable and controllable sensory experience in a world that can often feel unpredictable and overwhelming. This predictability aids in multisensory integration by providing a constant sensory feedback loop.
- Facilitating Focus and Concentration: For some, engaging in stimming behaviors can enhance focus and help filter out extraneous sensory information. This self-regulation can aid in better integrating relevant sensory inputs.
- Self-Soothing and Emotional Regulation: Stimming can be a way to calm oneself in response to sensory overload. It serves as a mechanism to regulate emotional responses that arise from difficulties in processing multisensory information.
- Enhancing Sensory Discrimination: Certain stims may help autistics to differentiate between different sensory inputs. For example, tactile stims like rubbing textures might help in focusing on specific tactile sensations amidst a confusing array of sensory data.
- Aiding in Social and Communicative Functions: In a social context, stimming might assist autistics in managing the multisensory complexity of social interactions, such as processing visual, auditory, and spatial information simultaneously.
Implications for Support and Intervention:
(THIS AREA IS STILL NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD & VERY MUCH A WORK IN PROGRESS)
- Personalized Sensory Environments: Creating environments that take into account an individual's specific sensory processing needs can reduce the necessity for stimming as a compensatory mechanism.
- Sensory Integration Therapy: In theory this therapy is supposed to help autistics develop better skills to integrate and process multisensory information, potentially reducing the reliance on stimming behaviors for sensory regulation. But there is a lot of confusing and conflicting information about what exactly constitutes SIT.
- Educational and Behavioral Strategies: Incorporating multisensory learning and behavioral strategies that align with an individual's sensory preferences can enhance their ability to process information from multiple senses simultaneously.
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Philosophy v Psychology
Philosophy and psychology share intertwined histories yet represent distinct approaches to understanding the human experience. Philosophy, the ancient and foundational discipline, explores profound questions about existence, reality, knowledge, and ethics. Philosophers engage in abstract reasoning and critical thinking to analyze concepts, often delving into debates about consciousness, morality, and the nature of reality. Philosophy operates on a theoretical level, focusing on conceptual exploration and reasoning. Throughout history, philosophical inquiries laid the groundwork for the study of the mind and behavior, providing the philosophical underpinnings upon which psychology would emerge.
In contrast, psychology emerged as a separate scientific discipline in the late 19th century, building upon the philosophical inquiries of earlier scholars. In the 19th century, figures like Wilhelm Wundt and William James are often credited with establishing psychology as a separate discipline. Wundt, for instance, founded the first psychological laboratory in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany, where he conducted experiments to study the elements of human consciousness. James, in the United States, wrote the influential book "The Principles of Psychology" in 1890, which helped establish psychology as a formal academic discipline.
In contrast, psychology emerged as a separate scientific discipline in the late 19th century, building upon the philosophical inquiries of earlier scholars. In the 19th century, figures like Wilhelm Wundt and William James are often credited with establishing psychology as a separate discipline. Wundt, for instance, founded the first psychological laboratory in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany, where he conducted experiments to study the elements of human consciousness. James, in the United States, wrote the influential book "The Principles of Psychology" in 1890, which helped establish psychology as a formal academic discipline.
Rooted in empirical observation and experimentation, psychology employs rigorous scientific methods to study human thought, emotion, and behavior. Psychologists use experiments, surveys, and observations to gather data, aiming to understand the underlying mechanisms that govern human actions. While philosophy contemplates abstract questions, psychology employs empirical evidence and data-driven approaches to explore topics such as perception, memory, and social behavior. Despite their shared historical roots, philosophy and psychology represent distinct methodologies—one characterized by theoretical inquiry and abstract reasoning, the other by empirical investigation and scientific observation.
Fall Equinox
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Rituals and celebrations associated with the fall equinox tend and be more significant in regions that are further away from the equator; where the changing of seasons, including the transition from summer to fall, is more noticeable, and the equinoxes have a greater impact on day length and seasonal shifts. However, variations of rituals and celebrations related to the fall equinox can be found across different latitudes and cultural backgrounds, reflecting the significance of this celestial event in various traditions.
- Harvest Festivals: Many cultures celebrate the fall equinox as a harvest festival, giving thanks for the abundance of crops and the bountiful harvest season. Examples include Thanksgiving in North America, Chuseok in Korea, and the Harvest Moon Festival in China.
- Mabon: Mabon is a neopagan festival that is often celebrated around the fall equinox. It is a time to honor the balance between light and dark and to express gratitude for the harvest. Rituals may involve feasting, making offerings to deities, and communing with nature.
- Day of the Dead: In some Latin American countries, including Mexico, the fall equinox coincides with the beginning of the Day of the Dead celebrations. This multi-day festival involves honoring deceased loved ones, creating altars, and participating in processions and ceremonies.
- Mid-Autumn Festival: The Mid-Autumn Festival is widely celebrated in East Asia, including China, Vietnam, and other regions with Chinese cultural influence. It typically falls around the fall equinox and is marked by the lighting of lanterns, family gatherings, moon-viewing, and the consumption of mooncakes.
- Pagan and Druidic Traditions: In certain pagan and druidic traditions, the fall equinox is known as "Mabon" or "Alban Elfed." It is considered a time of balance, with rituals centering on themes of thanksgiving, reflection, and preparing for the coming winter.
Day meets night, in a dance of equinox light
where seasons change in harmonious flight
Back at the DeCal
It was lovely to be back as guest speaker at the UC Berkeley Autism Decal Class, a class that I led when I was at Berkeley. I can't believe this will be my 3rd time as guest speaker (or that I'm in 2nd year of grad school). I sure miss that class and the amazing opportunity it provided for me to not just contribute but also to learn and grown.
This time spoke about what my advocacy journey had looked looked like as I want others to come up with their own unique journeys and find ways to contribute, and also about my research in both grad and undergrad.
Apraxia Dyspraxia and its connection to autism
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disability characterized by challenges with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. While apraxia and dyspraxia are not the core features of autism, they can co-occur in autism. The exact reasons for the overlap are not fully understood, but it's believed that shared neural pathways might play a role. And while we don’t know whether all the spoken communication challenges seen in a significant portion of autistics are exactly due to apraxia or dyspraxia, the fact of the matter is that many of us do seem to tick the some of checkboxes of the textbook descriptions of what apraxia and dyspraxia are at an observational level.
For instance, Apraxia is thought to be the result of impact to the part of the brain that plans the movements required to produce speech. You may know what you want to say, but your brain has difficulty in coordinating the muscle movements necessary to say those words. There may be inconsistent speech errors, difficulty in imitating speech and more errors when there are longer sentences or more complex words.
Dyspraxia affects motor skill development. It's not due to muscle weakness but rather a brain-based issue in planning and coordinating movements. So you may struggle with tasks like tying shoes, buttoning shirts, or any activities that require a sequence of movements. Or you might appear clumsy or awkward in your movements when you engage in such tasks.
Again we don’t know if apraxia and dyspraxia by themselves explain all the communication issues seen in almost a third of the autistic population. we don't fully understand how it connects to autism biologically. In other words, we don't know what parts of the brain, neurotransmitters, synaptic connections, and signaling pathways are impacted in those with autism with apraxia and without apraxia. We don't know whether the neurological issues that contribute to someone having autism also predispose them heavily towards having apraxia. Given that 87% of people with autism reportedly have some kind of motor issues, it is highly plausible that they are closely interconnected.
For instance, Apraxia is thought to be the result of impact to the part of the brain that plans the movements required to produce speech. You may know what you want to say, but your brain has difficulty in coordinating the muscle movements necessary to say those words. There may be inconsistent speech errors, difficulty in imitating speech and more errors when there are longer sentences or more complex words.
Dyspraxia affects motor skill development. It's not due to muscle weakness but rather a brain-based issue in planning and coordinating movements. So you may struggle with tasks like tying shoes, buttoning shirts, or any activities that require a sequence of movements. Or you might appear clumsy or awkward in your movements when you engage in such tasks.
Again we don’t know if apraxia and dyspraxia by themselves explain all the communication issues seen in almost a third of the autistic population. we don't fully understand how it connects to autism biologically. In other words, we don't know what parts of the brain, neurotransmitters, synaptic connections, and signaling pathways are impacted in those with autism with apraxia and without apraxia. We don't know whether the neurological issues that contribute to someone having autism also predispose them heavily towards having apraxia. Given that 87% of people with autism reportedly have some kind of motor issues, it is highly plausible that they are closely interconnected.
I think its more useful to use broader terms of what is happening with autistics like "movement differences" or "motor difficulties" till we can say on the basis of real science that the primary neurological condition impacting our movement issues is apraxia or dyspraxia.
Importantly, we do know that communication is a huge challenge and there is an urgent need to not only figure out what is going on but also an equally urgent need for translatable solutions.
Importantly, we do know that communication is a huge challenge and there is an urgent need to not only figure out what is going on but also an equally urgent need for translatable solutions.
Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive dissonance theory, proposed by psychologist Leon Festinger in the 1950s, is a fundamental concept in psychology that explores the discomfort people experience when they hold conflicting beliefs, attitudes, or values. When individuals encounter information or situations that challenge their existing beliefs or attitudes, they often experience cognitive dissonance, a state of psychological tension. This tension arises from the inconsistency between what they believe and what they are confronted with.
To reduce this discomfort, individuals typically employ various cognitive and behavioral strategies. They may change their beliefs or attitudes to align with the new information, seek out information that supports their existing beliefs (confirmation bias), or downplay the significance of the conflicting information. For example, if someone holds a negative stereotype about a particular group but then has a positive encounter with a member of that group, they might experience cognitive dissonance. To alleviate this discomfort, they may adjust their stereotype or minimize the significance of the positive encounter.
Cognitive dissonance theory is crucial for understanding the dynamics of attitude change and behavior. It highlights the human tendency to strive for consistency in our beliefs and actions and the discomfort that arises when inconsistency occurs. By recognizing cognitive dissonance, psychologists and individuals alike can better understand the processes underlying attitude change, prejudice reduction, and decision-making in the face of conflicting information
To reduce this discomfort, individuals typically employ various cognitive and behavioral strategies. They may change their beliefs or attitudes to align with the new information, seek out information that supports their existing beliefs (confirmation bias), or downplay the significance of the conflicting information. For example, if someone holds a negative stereotype about a particular group but then has a positive encounter with a member of that group, they might experience cognitive dissonance. To alleviate this discomfort, they may adjust their stereotype or minimize the significance of the positive encounter.
Cognitive dissonance theory is crucial for understanding the dynamics of attitude change and behavior. It highlights the human tendency to strive for consistency in our beliefs and actions and the discomfort that arises when inconsistency occurs. By recognizing cognitive dissonance, psychologists and individuals alike can better understand the processes underlying attitude change, prejudice reduction, and decision-making in the face of conflicting information
An article where I talk about its impacts with respect to autism
Consciousness
The exploration of consciousness is a central theme in both Buddhism and Sanathana Dharma (Hinduism) philosophies, and modern scientific inquiry has begun to intersect with some of these ancient concepts. While there are parallels, there are also significant differences in the methodologies, foundational assumptions, and goals of spiritual traditions and scientific inquiry. The intersections, however, provide fertile ground for scientific enrichment.
Nature of Consciousness and Quantum Physics. Both Sanathana Dharma and Buddhism assert that consciousness isn't a byproduct but a fundamental aspect of reality. This perspective aligns, to some extent, with certain interpretations of quantum mechanics, which propose that consciousness plays a role in the process of quantum measurement or wave function collapse.
Meditation, Mindfulness, and Neuroscience: Neuroscientific research into the effects of meditation—a practice central to both Sanathana Dharma and Buddhist traditions—has shown that it can induce significant changes in areas of the brain associated with attention, emotion regulation, and self-awareness.
Levels and States of Consciousness: The Mandukya Upanishad, outlines different states of consciousness, including waking, dreaming, deep sleep, and a transcendent state known as "Turiya." Modern neuroscience also explores various states of consciousness, such as REM sleep, deep sleep, and altered states induced by substances or meditation. Buddhist meditation practices often aim to transcend ordinary states of consciousness and attain enlightened states. Neuroscientific studies on accomplished meditators have reported unique brainwave patterns and states of consciousness.
Interconnectedness: Both Sanathana Dharma and Buddhist philosophies emphasize the interconnectedness of all things. This idea has resonances with holistic perspectives in science, especially in fields like ecology and certain interpretations of quantum physics which emphasize non-locality and entanglement.
Plasticity and Transformation: Both Sanathana Dharma and Buddhist traditions emphasize the possibility of transforming one's mind and consciousness. The idea of neuroplasticity in modern neuroscience—that the brain is malleable and can be changed through experiences, especially practices like meditation—aligns with this.
Phenomenal Experience: Buddhism, particularly in schools like Yogacara, delves deep into the nature of experience, cognition, and perception. These explorations find parallels in cognitive science and phenomenological approaches in modern philosophy of mind.
Nature of Consciousness and Quantum Physics. Both Sanathana Dharma and Buddhism assert that consciousness isn't a byproduct but a fundamental aspect of reality. This perspective aligns, to some extent, with certain interpretations of quantum mechanics, which propose that consciousness plays a role in the process of quantum measurement or wave function collapse.
Meditation, Mindfulness, and Neuroscience: Neuroscientific research into the effects of meditation—a practice central to both Sanathana Dharma and Buddhist traditions—has shown that it can induce significant changes in areas of the brain associated with attention, emotion regulation, and self-awareness.
Self and Non-self: Sanathana Dharma philosophy's exploration of the self through concepts like "Atman" (individual soul) and its relationship with "Brahman" (universal consciousness) can be seen in parallel with the scientific exploration of individual consciousness and its relationship with the world. Buddhism's concept of "Anatta" (non-self) proposes that there's no continuous, unchanging self. This idea resonates with certain findings in neuroscience, suggesting that the perception of a continuous "self" is an emergent property of various neural processes and not localized in one part of the brain.
Levels and States of Consciousness: The Mandukya Upanishad, outlines different states of consciousness, including waking, dreaming, deep sleep, and a transcendent state known as "Turiya." Modern neuroscience also explores various states of consciousness, such as REM sleep, deep sleep, and altered states induced by substances or meditation. Buddhist meditation practices often aim to transcend ordinary states of consciousness and attain enlightened states. Neuroscientific studies on accomplished meditators have reported unique brainwave patterns and states of consciousness.
Interconnectedness: Both Sanathana Dharma and Buddhist philosophies emphasize the interconnectedness of all things. This idea has resonances with holistic perspectives in science, especially in fields like ecology and certain interpretations of quantum physics which emphasize non-locality and entanglement.
Plasticity and Transformation: Both Sanathana Dharma and Buddhist traditions emphasize the possibility of transforming one's mind and consciousness. The idea of neuroplasticity in modern neuroscience—that the brain is malleable and can be changed through experiences, especially practices like meditation—aligns with this.
Phenomenal Experience: Buddhism, particularly in schools like Yogacara, delves deep into the nature of experience, cognition, and perception. These explorations find parallels in cognitive science and phenomenological approaches in modern philosophy of mind.
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