The theory of multiple intelligences, proposed by psychologist Howard Gardner, suggests that intelligence is not a single, unified entity but rather a collection of distinct forms of intelligence. According to Gardner, individuals possess different strengths and abilities in various domains, and these abilities can be considered as different intelligences. The theory has been influential in understanding human cognition and has implications for fields such as education and psychology.
This is especially relevant to autism, as the capabilities of autistics may not neatly align with the notion of intelligence as defined by our mainstream education system.
Gardner initially identified 7 forms of intelligence, and later expanded the list to include an additional two.
- Linguistic Intelligence: ability to use language effectively, including reading, writing, and speaking. Examples include poets, writers, journalists, and public speakers.
- Logical-Mathematical Intelligence: logical thinking, reasoning, and mathematical problem-solving. It is typically associated with scientists, mathematicians, engineers, and economists.
- Musical Intelligence: capacity to perceive, create, and appreciate music. People with musical intelligence may excel in playing instruments, composing music, or singing.
- Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence: relates to body movement control and physical activities. Athletes, dancers, actors, and surgeons are examples of individuals who demonstrate high bodily-kinesthetic intelligence.
- Spatial Intelligence: visual thinking, spatial awareness, and mental imagery. Architects, painters, pilots, and sculptors often exhibit strong spatial intelligence.
- Interpersonal Intelligence: refers to the ability to understand and interact effectively with others. Skilled leaders, teachers, therapists, and politicians often possess high interpersonal intelligence.
- Intrapersonal Intelligence: self-reflective intelligence, involving self-awareness, self-regulation, and a deep understanding of one's emotions, motivations, and inner self. Examples are Philosophers and spiritual leaders
- Naturalistic Intelligence: ability to recognize, categorize, and understand patterns in nature, such as flora, fauna, and natural phenomena. Environmentalists, farmers, and botanists often demonstrate naturalistic intelligence.
- Existential Intelligence: reflects a person's contemplation and awareness of fundamental existential questions and concerns about the nature of life, death, and meaning. It is often associated with philosophers, theologians, and deep thinkers.
