Contemplation, one line a day
The Decerebrate Cat Walking Experiment
In the realm of scientific exploration, certain experiments push boundariesin ways not acceptable by modern ethical standards. One such experiment involves decerebrate cats (popular in the 1940-50s and not done anymore), but which shed light on locomotion,
The Decerebrate Cat Walking Experiment: The video showcases a decerebrate cat walking on a treadmill at varying speeds, revealing three distinct gait patterns. Decerebrate cats have had their cerebral cortex removed, leaving the brainstem intact. Essentially the cat was paralyzed as its spinal cord didn't talk to its brain anymore which means there was not enough muscle tone to keep the body upright; so researched used a harness to hold the weight of the body.
Locomotion was initiated by sensory input of the limbs on the moving thredmill.
The primary goal of these experiments was to explore the extent of the brain's involvement in controlling movement. At what level in the brain is behavior (locomotion) controlled. Researchers aimed to test the idea that much of locomotion control might be inherent to an animal's biomechanics, rather than relying heavily on conscious brain commands.
Findings:
- Minimal Brain Control: during locomotion, especially in activities like walking, trotting, or running, minimal control comes from the brain itself. Instead, the experiments suggest that a significant portion of locomotion control is achieved through biomechanical and morphological features of the animal's body.
- Biomechanical Design: The experiments support the concept of passive dynamic locomotion, which proposes that animals are capable of controlling their movements efficiently by taking advantage of their natural biomechanical structure.
Diagnostic Overshadowing Issue in Autism
To drive true progress and improve the quality of life of all autistics we need BOTH Strengths_based_Opportunities AND Challenges_based_Solutions.
It is not Either-Or.
-Hari Srinivasan, Newsweek
Read full article at: https://www.newsweek.com/dual-approach-autism-opinion-1818062
#Autism #Research #Strengths_based_opportunities #Challenges_based_solutions.
Contemplation, one insight a day
Optimism is the lens that allows us to see the world through the eyes of possibility.
Contemplation, one daily reflection
Hope is the beacon that guides us towards a better tomorrow.
#MentalHealth
Contemplation, one moment a day
Serenity is the harmony that comes with being in balance.
#MentalHealth
Phrenology according to Gall. A Historical Curiosity
The 18th century consensus on the brain was steeped in ancient beliefs that depicted it as an formless mass governing bodily functions. Franz Josef Gall, challenged this orthodoxy: the brain wasn't a mere lump of flesh but the very seat of our mental faculties, with distinct regions governing specific functions. This revolutionary idea laid the foundation for what we now recognize as "phrenology." While Gall's phrenological theories have been largely discredited in modern neuroscience, his work marked a significant shift in the study of the brain. Gall's work also contributed to the development of techniques for brain mapping and the understanding of cognitive processes.
Landing himself in plenty of hot water.
The prevailing view of the era was dominated by religious or philosophical beliefs rather than empirical research. Gall's ideas challenged long-held beliefs about the nature of the mind and the brain and landed in a lot of hot water.
The prevailing view of the era was dominated by religious or philosophical beliefs rather than empirical research. Gall's ideas challenged long-held beliefs about the nature of the mind and the brain and landed in a lot of hot water.
And the hot water was not just religions, but also social. Phrenology also had practical implications, as some individuals and organizations began using it for character assessment in various contexts, such as education and employment. This raised ethical and legal questions about the fairness and validity of making judgments about people based on phrenological assessments.
Gall's garnered both acclaim and criticism from his contemporaries. One notable figure was Johann Spurzheim, Gall's collaborator and rival, who further popularized phrenology and took it to international audiences. Another contemporary of interest is Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens, a French physiologist who advocated for a more holistic view of brain function, emphasizing the importance of the brain as a whole rather than isolated "organs." Other scientific peers cast doubts upon his theories, criticizing the lack of empirical evidence and the inherently subjective nature of his observations. Phrenology, in their eyes, was more pseudoscience than genuine scientific inquiry.
Gall's Neuroanatomy Diagram: A Window into the Mind
Gall's most notable contribution was his intricate neuroanatomy diagram, which depicted the brain as a series of localized faculties or organs, each responsible for a particular aspect of personality or behavior. The size of these organs corresponded to a person's character traits and abilities. Obviously this is quite incredulous by today's standards - a historical curiousity.
Gall's most notable contribution was his intricate neuroanatomy diagram, which depicted the brain as a series of localized faculties or organs, each responsible for a particular aspect of personality or behavior. The size of these organs corresponded to a person's character traits and abilities. Obviously this is quite incredulous by today's standards - a historical curiousity.
- Firmness (in frontal lobe) Development of this area in the frontal lobe was associated with determination, willpower, and the ability to persevere in the face of challenges.
- Immortality: linked to religious and moral tendencies, as well as a sense of spirituality.
- Veneration (Parietal Love): related to feelings of respect, admiration, and reverence for authority figures or ideals
- Destructiveness (in lower back of brain): aggressive and combative behaviors, as well as a propensity for violence.
- Benevolence (frontal love): linked to kindness, empathy, and a compassionate nature.
- Acquisitiveness (forehead): desire for material wealth and possessions.
- Wit (Frontal Lobe): responsible for humor, quick thinking, and cleverness.
- Love of Offspring (back of brain):linked to parental instincts and the love and care of one's children.
- Secretiveness (Upper back of brain): associated with the tendency to keep secrets and be discreet.
- Self-Esteem (upper back of head): related to self-confidence, pride, and a sense of self-worth.
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